File:Chapter 6.1 - The Scientific Revolution Outline.doc
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Chapter 6, Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Outline from September 30 2005
- Roots of Modern Science
- Before 1500, scholars believed Greeks and Romans and Bible
- Did not question world
- The Middle Ages
- Believed earth was center of universe
- moon, sun, planets moved around earth
- earth stood still fixed curtain of stars, with heaven beyond
- called geocentric
- supported by common sense
- invented by Aristotle; modified by Ptolemy
- church: “God” put us here and special place
- Scientific Revolution
- started in mid-1500s
- was a new way of thinking about natural world
- started in part by translating Muslim texts
- uncovered ancient books, which did not agree with each other
- moving out; expanding view of world; discovering new worlds
- navigators needed better instruments
- people looked closer at life
- Believed earth was center of universe
- Revolutionary Model of the Universe
- Heliocentric Theory
- Backed by common sense
- Did not accurately account for planet’s movement
- Nicolaus Copernicus spent 25 years researching movements
- believed sun was center of universe
- suppressed findings till last year of life
- thought revolve in perfect circles
- On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies
- After he died, little work on theory
- Tycho Brahe made careful observations and then died
- Johannas Kepler made sense of them
- proved that revolves around sun
- proves travel in ellipses not circles
- Galileo’s Discoveries
- Galileo Galilei watched chandelier swinging and disproved Aristotle theory
- Proved object fall at same speeds and accelerate when falling (does not fall at constant rate)
- Improved telescope to study in 1609
- In 1610, published Jupiter had spots and moons surface was not smooth and perfect (as Aristotle believed)
- Conflict with Church
- Frighten Catholic and Protestant leaders
- Went against church teachings and beliefs
- In 1616, church warned him to shut up; he kept findings secret
- In 1632, Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems
- he supported Copernicus
- in 1633, under threat of torture, he retracted statement in church Inquest
- Heliocentric Theory
- Scientific Method
- A logical process of gathering and testing ideas
- Invented by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
- Bacon criticized way Aristotle came up with info
- Thought should observe world to draw conclusions
- Descartes approached everything logically
- Everything should be doubted until proven
- “I think, therefore I am”; only way he could prove he existed
- Newton and Gravity
- disproved Aristotle that principles are totally different off earth
- Isaac Newton said all objects affected by same force
- Everything attracts, but mass of object and distance between them affects how great pull is
- 1687, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
- Believed “God” created this
- Scientific Revolution Spreads
- Scientific Instruments
- Zacharias Janssen – microscope
- Anton van Leeuwenhoke – discovered immature insects before birth (did not come to life suddenly)
- Evangelista Torricella – Mercury barometer to predict weather
- Fahrenheit and Celsius invented scales
- Medicine and Human Body
- Galen was accepted as fact
- Galan never dissected human; instead thought pigs where same as humans
- Vesalius dissected human (practice frowned upon)
- On the Fabric of the Human Family in 1543
- William Harvey Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
- shows heart pumps blood in system
- Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine
- Discoveries in Chemistry
- Robert Boyle used sci method in chem.
- The Skeptical Chemist 1661
- challenged Aristotle’s earth, wind, fire, water
- matter made of smaller particles
- Boyle’s Law
- Joseph Priestley separate oxygen from air
- like an “air of luxarry”
- Robert Boyle used sci method in chem.
- Scientific Instruments
This entire thing called Enlightenment.
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