World Cultures Comparison Project/Paper

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World Cultures World Cultures Comparison Project Paper Template:World Cultures Comparison Project

Nuvola apps important.png Only a DRAFT!

May change/be updated - still in progress - may still contain inaccuracies

may contain to-be verbs (Oh no!)

Contents

Opening

(opening)

Pro: Economics(Plaz)

Introduction

Globalization, in the long run, has a positive impact on both richer and poorer (or developing) nations. Increasing trade between nations helps both parties advance by allowing them each to produce what they can do be and able to sell those products around the world. In addition, globalization increases competition which prevents lazy monopolies and inefficient means of production. It drives innovation and world peace with a spirit of interdependence. Trade barriers only prevent these benefits from realization and hurt society as a whole. Globalization represents a positive trend which must continue to drive growth to make the world a better place.

Specialization

No one person can do everything, and the same holds true for nations as well. For starters, not every nation has enough of every natural resources. The United Stated does not have enough oil to survive efficiently. Sure, if necessary we could end our dependency on oil, but this represents an enormous cost to our current industries. Alternative fuels currently cost too much, or we would have adopted them already. But the same also holds true for manufacturing.

The United States only has a certain amount of workers and a certain amount of land. It's best to distribute that land to make the most goods as possible for our society. Of course we can't make everything equally well. We would need to make trade-offs and produce more of some things then others. This would decrease total output. Consider, for a minute, a smaller scale. What if each state could not trade with one another? Where would we get cotton or computers? In every state a computer factory would rise. Currently, a few, well-equipped, very efficient factories make most computer parts. If a factory was needed in every state, many more resources would get consumed to produce the same amount of products. Sure the factory owners would grow wealthier, but at the expense of everyone else. In addition, the cotton plants would have lower yields here because of the colder weather. In total, production goes down. In fact, since the Constitution banned trade barriers between states, one of the largest free-trade areas has emerged (Brue 780). Economists cite this as a leading factor in the United State's development (Brue 780). This represents an example of how free trade has played out.

Specialization solves the problem of inefficiencies. For example, Pennsylvania can produce large amounts of coal and agricultural goods. We trade these items for cotton and computers, which other states produce well. In total, with the same about of input, more cotton, coal, computers, and agricultural goods get produced each year.

This same pattern holds true between nations as well. Asians can produce televisions more efficiently then we can. However, we do not come out worse off because Americans can produce medicines extremely well, comparatively, due to our highly trained workforce. Thus we can trade medicine for televisions. This represents the most efficient use of the scarce resources which exist in the world.

Wal-Mart represents another example of the power of maximum efficiency. Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer and domestic private employer, achieves the lowest price possible through massive operations around the world (via Wikipedia). They show success because of the principle of economies of scale. They use technology and specialization to remove as much waste from their operation as possible. Consumers must like this efficient, low-cost process because more then one-third of the United State's population visits a Wal-Mart every week (via Wikipedia). Most do not concern themselves that most production comes from China and other foreign factories. Yes, some people do raise concerns about Wal-Mart's effect on local communities and global industries, however, low prices usually draw people in, and in fact, represents a positive net effect.

Currency

And indeed, global trade helps everyone. By buying goods from China, we as the United States, put our currency into the hands of foreigners. What do these foreigners to do with these American dollars? They can either buy our exports, thus bringing the money back to our domestic industries, or invest it, again bringing our dollars back. They also can trade the dollars in the foreign exchange market, but someone must buy them. They too much invest and purchase American goods. It's foolish to lock the money up in a vault because it loses value during inflation. Therefore it must go elsewhere to investment and eventually brought back to America.

Trade Barriers

Many who become scared of Wal-Mart and global competition try to lobby governments to pass trade barriers. In addition, workers about to lose their jobs become very vocal about installing trade barriers. The rest of America usually supports the politicians, not know the benefits trade can have. Trade barriers include both quotas and tariffs. Both harm consumers, foreign markets, and even domestic production. They artificially increase prices by reducing the number of producers able to sell a product in a certain region. This shows very similar tendencies to installing monopolies, at least among domestic producers.

Throughout history evidence has amassed that monopolies represent a detriment to society as a whole. They allow a smaller subset of producers to artificially raise prices (Brue 85). Monopolies do not find themselves governed by market principles, and therefore do not operate for the good of consumers or the economy as a whole (Brue 85). Throughout history, starting with the Sherman Act of 1890, the United States has tried to regulate or break monopolies (Brue 85). Thus, regulations actually trying to create monopolies or monopoly-like situations with domestic producers represent poor ideas for the macro society.

Thus, globalization serves to increase competition, granting the most efficient operation the business. This trims the excess fat from supply chains, providing for lower prices, which as shown above with Wal-Mart, get demanded by consumers.

Innovation

In addition, protective tariffs reduce innovation. Once a producer has a monopoly they no longer need to innovate to stay competitive. There products will continue to sell regardless of their quality and features. Without the drive for innovation, few advancements will get funding.

This dearth of innovation hurts future industries. Over time some jobs get replaced by other jobs. Farming once employed many people in America. Today very few people have careers as farmers. Does this mean we suffer? Of course not! American have a higher standard of living then ever. Increasing, American do less manual labor in their jobs. What happened? New technologies brought around new industries which brought new, higher skilled jobs. Twenty years ago, very few people dreamed of becoming computer programmers. Today, many find employment in computer-related fields.

The same patterns will occur during globalization. Yes some will lose their jobs, but the increased competition creates more new technologies which have the potential to employ large numbers of workers. Thus the benefit of new, higher skilled jobs reduces the pain of losing lower-skilled jobs to foreign nations in the long-run.

Exports

Many countries depend on global trade, for both imports and exports, including the United States. The US has and continues to benefit from exporting our goods (Brue 102). Many agricultural goods get sent out of the United States to nations which do not have as much fertile land as we have. We also sell automobiles, airplanes, and coal to nations around the world. In fact, 42% of our exports go to developing nations, helping to improve their lives through products bot essential and luxury (Brue 103).

Thus we rely, both our consumers and exporters, on free global trade. This trade will come along with globalization and must get encouragement.

Nevertheless, enacting regulations and protectionist policies to protect our domestic markets will only encourage protectionist policies against our exports. Enacting these policies will only start a downward spiral, plunging the world into the past by restricting globalization. This hurts the many US businesses which export goods from the United States.

In addition, we export services. In 1996, service exports exceeded service imports by $80 billion (Brue 765).  ?normal service exports -

When tourists and foreign students come to the United States, we actually export services to them whenever they spend money here. When a tourists comes from another nation they bring foreign currency and trading it for things from the US like meals and hotel rooms (Choice 82). In addition students coming for education in the United States bring a lot of money with them to spend both on tuition and living expenses (Choice 82). Without global trade no dollars can be found to spend on these "exports."

Conclusion

Thus, global trade, in the long run, has a positive impact on the United States. But lets not forget about developing nations which we provide jobs to. These jobs help make them richer, and in turn, increasingly able to purchase US exports. The global economy helps all of us make our lives better and increases worldwide standards of living. Globalization has and continues to have a positive impact on our lives.

Con: Pollution (David)

(David) (?Move down??? --Plaz 22:18, 3 January 2007 (EST))

Con: Outsorcing (David)

(David)

Con: McDonalds in China

Over many years of globalization and influences from the outside world, China has modernized from the days of Daoism and Confucianism into a bustling, highly populated, and overly crowded nation... for the worse. Nowadays, American franchises such as Starbucks, Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, and Xerox crawl all over China, tainting traditional customs and cultural values (Watson 1). These franchises and companies expose only American culture to youthful minds, blocking away their own traditional culture. Some parents view McDonald’s as a way to “connect” their children with the outside world (Watson 2). However, this could lead to children attending American universities, thus abandoning Chinese universities and education. Also, with globalization in the economy come changes in society. In China’s larger cities for example, the male no longer rules the household (Watson 3). The conjugal unit, a new family system that attends to the whims of the married couple has also emerged (Watson 3). This type of family system undermines traditional ways of filial piety and Confucianism (Watson 3). McDonald’s has become too popular with China’s younger generations, teaching American culture before Chinese culture at such an early age (Watson 3). All these recent and rapid changes could send society abuzz, causing chaos to break loose. A clash between traditional Chinese and modernized Chinese could spark. This could eventually divide China’s cities and society into a war zone.

Since McDonald’s draws anti-American protestors, some of which who have even bombed and attacked restaurants, the influence of this fast food establishment has only negatively affected Chinese society (Watson 4). Hong Kong special foods and delicacies have already succumbed to “industrialized food” (Watson 4). New, exotic cuisines from Europe have poured into China furthering the food competition (Watson 4). Fast food eateries cause children to often eat outside their homes, without consumer protection (Watson 6). Although dining outside the home may seem pleasant, many have suffered from food poisoning, and some have even died (Watson 6). Rather than eating in the safety of one’s home traditionally, some choose to eat out, risking their lives. One who does eat out at a Chinese restaurant, may find a decrease in originality and style; many Chinese restaurants now base their styles, such as uniforms, off of American establishments (Watson 6). All over the world, global franchises and other organizations compete against one another, spilling their cultural values, which could end in a catastrophic event, perhaps even war.

Next, modernization has led to China’s excessive population growth, especially the elderly class. Researchers expect that by 2025, 274 million people over 60 years of age will exist in China- more than the entire 1998 U.S. population (Watson 6)! Unfortunately however, civil society currently ignores the vast elderly population (Watson 7). Leaving such an enormous majority of the population unchecked could result in severe shortages.

Con: Changes in Latin America

Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia all appeared to blossom at a time, but globalization caused all these countries to wilt (Hilton 1). Thanks to globalization, many Latin American countries have developed into a total mess. Now, Argentina’s former president, Menem faces criminal charges, unemployment has reached 18%, the country has plunged into bankruptcy, and owes 90 billion pounds externally (Hilton 1). Brazil has reached 20% inflation, Peru’s president Alberto Fujimori’s government collapsed in a corruption scandal, and Colombia now houses the latest arena for America’s military (Hilton 1). Most countries in Latin America have pursued economic liberalism for the past 15 years, but with little progress (Hilton 1). Cancun, Mexico holds the most unequal distribution of wealth and income in the world (Hilton 1). Due to this, Cancun has suffered with an increase of daily criminal violence, continuing drug-related problems, and official corruption (Hilton 1). Throughout Latin America, the poor and impoverished middle-classes (teachers and health workers) have lost their jobs, and articulate the opposition to economic liberalism (Hilton 1). Venezuela seems fine now, but President Hugo Chavez aspires to introduce a Cuban-style society to the country (Hilton 1). Globalization has guided Latin America into chaos, without any seemingly hopes of helping Latin America out of its current state.

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), globalization has changed the social structures of society in Latin America, but has not contributed in correcting the social inequalities (Gonzalez 1). Neoliberal-inspired structural reforms have developed into a widespread movement (Gonzalez 1). Although globalization did produce benefits in Latin America, these benefits resulted in serious social repercussions (Gonzalez 1). ILO also states that the benefits also reflected and reproduced the inequalities existing in the region (Gonzalez 1). Even though globalization may have somewhat helped Latin America as a whole, the original social inequality issue still remains, new problems emerge, and globalization has yet to solve the neoliberal movement.

Also, existing differences between countries such as wages and labor regulations, could start the expansion of unfair practices towards workers (Gonzalez 1). Globalization may increase Latin America’s per capita or human development index, but since the original problems still remain the same, the country’s progression will not increase as much as it can. “Situations are thus created in which there are further limits to pay raises as developing economies pursue ways to be more competitive internationally and succumb to internal pressures for greater flexibility in the workforce” (Gonzalez 1). The effects of globalization have failed to create enough jobs to match the expanding workforce in Latin America (Gonzalez 1). This limited workforce causes companies attempting to expand their organization and franchise internationally to crumble internally, because the company lacks workers at the heart of the company. While globalization tries to benefit Latin America, social inequalities and other original problems create a great imbalance, erasing globalization’s benefits.


Pro: Spread Positive Culture

Globalization does not kill culture, but it spreads it. All across America, ethnic restaurants serve food from and inspired by the rest of the world. Walk into any American city and you will see restaurants serving food from almost every country in the world. A partial list included Mexican, French, Chinese, Thai restaurants, but the list goes on and on. These restaurants source some of their food from other nations, supporting global trade. But also, perhaps more importantly, American consumers find themselves exposed to different cultures.

Cultures never stand still. Things change, and true, change can get accelerated through foreign influence, but this represents a positive force. America exemplifies a prime example of mixed culture. Almost all of us either immigrated to the United States, or have ancestors who did. We brought with us many traditions and beliefs which we still share. And, as our culture evolved over time, so has others.

McDonald's in Hong Kong

People must wish for the the culture to evolve. People can, and do, resist change, but they often represent the minority. Most do in fact embrace change, and that is why it happens. Take for instance the McDonald's in Hong Kong. No one finds themselves forced to eat there. But people do. And they do so in large numbers. The restaurants attract thousands of people and become "hang-out" places for retirees and teens, similar to Wawa in the United States (Watson 5). In addition, rewards for good behavior often include a meal at McDonald's (Watson 4). In addition, the threat of withholding visits deters children from disobeying their parents (Watson 4). In fact, Chinese often regard McDonald's as comfort and local food (Watson 6). One eight-year-old Korean arrived in American and exclaimed, "Look! They have our kind of food here" after seeing a McDonald's (qtd. in Watson 3). Lastly, a simple fact remains, these restaurants must make money in order for them to continue operating. If people do not like McDonald's the stores would fold from lack of business.

And, in fact, McDonald's has changed local culture. But they have changed it for the better. Many local restaurants have adopted McDonald's ways (Watson 6). Some local Chinese chains feature employees wearing bright colored uniforms, and clean toilets (Watson 6). Customers now line up orderly instead of attempting to shove their money into the face of the person running the cash register (Watson 5). McDonald's keeps children away from bad influences like drugs and alcohol (Watson 5).

Sati

But also, globalization has ended negative cultural practices. After the British arrived, sati, the practice of ritual suicide by widows onto their husband's funeral pyre, declined ("Woman commits 'sati' in UP village" 2). The process is rare today after being outlawed by Lord William Bentinck in the 1800s ("Woman commits 'sati' in UP village" 2). Foreign imperialism was the first to try and reduce this horrific culture. As the world increasing becomes more global, human rights violations goes down (stats). Industrialization nations usually happen to be democracies with clean records. It is hard to have a stable economy, into one which investors want to invest, without a government committed to ending such violent practices.

Women and Discrimination

In addition, women become increasingly equal with globalization. The represent a large potential workforce which becomes necessary to increase production. In the United States increases in the amount of people willing to work has amounted to a third of our growth (Brue 374). Not only do immigrants help grow the workforce, but in the 50s, 60s, and 70s, our growth was largely due to women joining the regular workforce (Brue 374). Prior to this, discrimination and domestic duties kept women in the house. New technologies permitted millions of women to spend less time cooking and more time producing goods and services. This goes to show what happens when discrimination gets removed.

Discrimination, whether against women, foreigners, or people of color hurts the economy by reducing the amount of labor available (Brue 749). This increases the cost of labor while decreasing productions; both propel the economy backwards. That is why many nations find themselves forced to reduce discrimination against women. Societies which discriminate against women include many Muslim-ruled nation. Afghanistan, under the Taliban, had a horrible record against the treatment of women.

All of this made Afghanistan one of the world's least developed countries according to a UN study conducted in February 2005 (CBC). Only five sub-Saharan Africa nations manage to surpass it for dishonor of the lowest position in the development index (CBC). In Afghanistan, one hundred forty-two out of every one thousand babies died before age one and every thirty minutes another woman dies in pregnancy (CBC). All of this contributes to the very low life-expectancy of forty-two and one half years (CBC).

Discrimination will never help a nation advance. Hopefully, globalization can pressure strict Muslim and other religious societies to ease and remove discrimination against women. This pressure to change culture could positively affect the lives of many women, along with the entire population of the Earth.

Pro: Democracy and Freedom

(jeff)

Conclusion

Cut

(leave for archiving --Plaz 22:18, 3 January 2007 (EST))

Support

Thus, the amount of tariffs, and other trade barriers, both internationally and in the United States has gone down in the last 100 years (Brue 115). In fact, many economists consider the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 to be a major cause of the Great Depression (Brue 114). The Smoot-Hawley act attempted to choke off import to help domestic producers. Instead, it raised prices for goods, leading to the recession. Thus artificial or protectionist trade barriers are harmful to a nation's aggregate economy, as well as the global climate.

(more Jeff's section)

Growth

(?cut) Growth is the means which reduces the burden of scarcity (Brue 369). "An economy experiencing growth is better able to meet people's wants and resolve socioeconomic problems" (Brue 369). Growth allows more finished goods to be produced either by increasing imports or making production more efficient (Brue 369). This means we are able to do more with less or the same amount of resources.

Looking back a hundred years, standards of living were much lower (cite). There were no airplanes, requiring long voyages on ships or trains to reach destinations. In fact, the US was even more polluted (CITE!!!) then then it is today. Life expectancy and life quality have both risen. Technological advancement has been the largest source of growth in the United States making up 28% of the increase in productivity according to Edward Denison and projected to 1998 by McConnell and Brue (374). New farming techniques have risen farm output (give ###!!!). Less farmland, and less farmers support more people. Computers take the pain out of rewriting essays.


Growth is keystone of improvement in our lives, and technological advancements are what power it.

In the United States increases in the amount of people willing to work has amounted to a third of our growth (Brue 374). This has been in part because of our open arms towards immigrants. In the 50s, 60s, and 70s, growth was largely due to women joining the regular workforce (Brue 374). Prior to this, discrimination and domestic duties kept women in the house. New technologies permitted millions of women to spend less time cooking and more time producing goods and services. This goes to show what happens when discrimination gets removed.

Discrimination, whether against women, foreigners, or people of color hurts the economy by reducing the amount of labor available (Brue 749). This increases the cost of labor while decreasing productions; both propel the economy backwards. Ending or reducing global trade will only have the same effect.

Sharia

?cut in paper?

Sources

(will format later --Plaz 23:54, 31 December 2006 (EST)) (need to do mla for some)

Further Reading

  • The Choice
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