AP Psychology Chapter 4 Review

Chapter 4 Review Sheet for AP Psychology

• Attachment – connection parents have with their kids – thought to be caused by nature keeping kids cared for and all caregivers – not due to nourishment, but touch
• Egocentric – Idea kids have in preschool that everything sees them through them
• Secure attachment – Kids will wonder from their parents – when parents leave will sad and will seek contact when they return
• Unsecured attachment – Kids will stay with their parents - when parent leave will not be upset – effects seen later in life (the sad monkey)
• Object permanence – Kids under 8 months – when something goes out of sight it is out of mind
• Teratogen - chemicals and viruses that can enter embryo and fetus and cause harm
• Responsive parenting – parents that respond to their kids needs all of time
• Rooting reflex – reflex babies have – starts when touching their cheeks
• Primary sex characteristics - develop at puberty – learn about them in health class
• Brain chemistry -
• Formal operational – last state of Piaget attachment series – 12 and up
• Kohlberg and his critics – moral ladder – 3 stages – financial level and gender matters
• Prenatal development – development in the womb – zygote (conception to 2 weeks), embryo (2 weeks to 8 weeks), fetus (9 weeks to birth) – can be harmed by fetal alcohol syndrome and tetragons
• Accommodation – adapting to new information to change schema
• Assimilation – adding new info to schema
• Habituation – becoming used to it
• Estrogen – female hormone creates secondary sex characteristics
• Gut level intuition – immediate moral reaction
• Crystallized intelligence –factual information, increases as ages
• Cognitive development
• Conservation of volume – when children are able to know that an upside down beaker does not gain liquid
• Autism – mental disease, people who can not relate socially, more internally focused
• Stability vs. Change – as we get older our life is a pattern of stability vs change – stability of personality starts around 2 – temperament more stable; consciousness too (but can be stable relative to peers as they age)
• Nature or Nurture – concern if genes or environment
• Menarche – first period
• Development Psychology – area of psychology concerned with human development (this chapter)
• Preconvention – early stage of morality – only do things to not get into trouble
• Maturation – growth through stages
• Attachment – organisms bond with each other; young children to their caregivers; cause of stranger anxiety
• Abstract reasoning – ability for people to have complex ideas; can see things that are not their
• Identity – sense one has of them self
• Post Conventional – last stage of morality; do things one thinks is right; regardless of the law
• Secure attachment – feel comfortable with their mother
• Marriage bonds – becoming weaker
• Marrying at an older age – is happening; prolonging adolescent period
• Trust – feeling one has about another human’s ability to execute actions; 1. Firm reliance on the integrity, ability, or character of a person or thing.
• Imprinting – what animals do to the 1^st thing they see
• Autonomy – ablitiy to act on their own
• Newborn and their mom’s voice – are attached to it
• Stranger anxiety – babies not wanting to be with people other than people they know (are not familiar with)
• Theory of mind – ability to see things from another person’s POV
• Mental retardation - caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Role confusion - teenagers; finding one's identity
• Authoritative parenting – strict parenting
• Fluid intelligence – intelligence of reasoning – decreases over time
• Car accidents and the elderly – are far more likely to happen because bad eyesight in old people
• Emotional stability
• Self Awareness
• Conservation
• Social Clock – idea that events for adults happen in a certain order and time – decreasing importance because of increased social freedoms
• Basic trust – babies gain about the world if they are brought up properly – if not gained while they are young – may be permanently lost
• Vygotsky and his research – social interaction is a fundamental part of learning – requires social interaction - at age 7; children's internal speech - gives them a scaffold to build on
• Familiarity – what babies gain about the world as they age