File:Chap 9.1 Beginnings of Industrialization Outline.doc
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Chap 9.1 Beginnings of Industrialization Outline
- Industrial Revolution: great increase in machine made goods that began in Europe during 18th centaury (1700s)
- USA, France, Latin America had political revolutions around this time
- Before Industrial revolution (not in textbook)
- Most people lived on small farms and in small towns
- People worked for themselves
- Made extra money in off season “cottage industry”
- See other sheet…
- Agricultural Revolution: period in the advances of scientific farming before the industrial revolution
- Cause of this: wealthy landowners starting buying up land from small farmers
- They experimented with different farming methods
- Divided field up into different enclosures or sections
- They used new seeding and harvesting methods
- Charles Townsend invented crop rotation
- different crops were grown on a piece of land to replace nutrients lost by other plants
- Jethro Tull invented seed drill in 1701; boosted crop yields
- In 1700 each farmer made food for 1.7 people, by 1800, it was 2.5 people per farmer
- Large landowners forced smaller farmers to become tenants or move to the city to work in factories
- Livestock breeders had better methods too
- Robert Bakewell allowed only his best sheep to breed
- Adv weight per sheep: 1700: 18 lbs increase to 1786: 50 lbs!
- As a result: food supplies increased; so living conditions and population; farmers lost their land to wealthy enclosed farms and had to move to city which provided more workers for factories and decline of cottage industries
- Britain’s Advantages
- Large population
- Many natural resources
- Water power for machines
- Iron ore to build machines, factories
- Rivers for in-land transportation
- Harbors from which ships could set sail
- (my idea) many colonies providing even more resources
- (my idea) Best navy to transport them
- (my idea) Britain didn’t let ideas leave
- Britain had expanding economy to support industrialization (The process of developing machine-produced goods)
- Business people invested in new technologies
- Highly developed banking system played a part
- People were encouraged by the availably of bank loans to invest in machines and expand their operations
- rowing overseas trade
- economic prosperity
- Climate for progress
- Political stability (big advantage!)
- Though Britain was in many wars in 1700s, all were on foreign soil and did not disrupt homeland
- Military and political success gave Britain a positive attitude
- Parliament passed laws protecting businesses and helping expansion
- Other countires also had some of these advantages
- Though Britain had all the factors of production (see below)
- Main Idea: Britain had all of the resources needed to produce services and goods that the Industrial Revolution required. These were land, labor, and capital/wealth
- Inventions Spur Technological Advances
- “In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry.”
- Britain’s textile mills clothed the world in wool, linen, ands cotton. This was the first industry to be transformed.
- Major Inventions in the Textile Industry
- By 1800, several major inventions revolutionized + modernized the textile industry. One Invention led to another.
- John Kay made a shuttle that helped with making yarn doubled what a person could do in a day, 1733
- James Hargreaves invented a spinning wheel; it allowed a worker to spin 8 threads at a time, 1764
- Richard Arkwright invented the water frame/water wheel to power the new machines, 1769
- Samuel Crompton combined the features of the spinning jenny and water frame to make a spinning mule. It made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent then older machines, 1779
- Edmund Cartwright invented a power loom to speed up the process, 1787
- The water frame, spinning mule and power loom were bulky and expensive
- They took weaving out of the house and into factories, large building owned by wealthy textile merchants
- Factories were built near water for power and transportation
- England’s cotton came from American south
- removing seeds was hard till Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, 1793
- This made cotton production skyrocket
- 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810
- Improvements in Transportation
- Progress in textiles forced progress in other industries
- A steam engine was needed for cheap, convenient power
- Early models (1705) took too much fuel and were used in mines
- James Watt improved it’s efficiency
- Matthew Boulton, an entrepreneur paid Watt to further develop engine in hopes of making profits off it
- Water Transportation
- Robert Fulton used a steam engine to power a boat (The Clermont) up and down the Hudson River
- England built many canals to help with transportation
- By mid-1800s there were 4250 miles of cannel
- Road Transportation
- John Mc Adam, puts rocks on road to help with drainage
- Roads could now be traveled when wet
- Private investors build roads and charged the public to use them (Turnpikes)
- Railway Age Begins
- Richard Trevithick build a locomotive based off steam power
- George Stephenson built the first railroad line
- It went from Yorkshire coalfields to Stockton port
- Used 4 of Stephenson’s locomotives (The Rocket)
- Liverpool-Manchester Railway
- Used Stephenson’s locomotives (The Rocket)
- It could haul 13 tons at 24 mph
- Opened in 1830; immediate success
- Railroads revolutionize Europe
- Were a cheaper way to transport goods
- Created hundreds of thousands of jobs
- Boosted agriculture and fishing industries which could now ship goods farther to cities
- Made commuting to the city easy
- Took city dwellers to resorts in country side
- “Like a locomotive racing across the country, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid and unsettling change to people’s lives.
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